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Hi Carlos, So far I have worked for 3 mega downstream (refining & petrochemicals) projects since concept & FEED design up to detailing. As per my previous experience everywhere it varied followed by base emergency power back for ICS/Control System infrastructure and in consideration ...

Hello Giorgio Welcome to ISA! You are in the right place if you want to complement your IT experience with OT, and develop your knowledge in this area. IC32 is a great start and I do recommend doing all four to become an ISA/IEC 62443 Expert. ISA has many books on industrial ...

There is no doubt that GPS spoofing is being carried out in regions of the middle east and in other territories involved in conflicts. There are some asset owners making modifications to their current set up away from GPS .... an example is below. Also, companies such as ...

Muhammad, It is not common in my experience that line monitoring components are used in Digital Output loops, to qualify that, I only say is is not common because in my 40+ years in the Process Industry (35 specifically in SIS design), I have never seen them used. I agree ...

While technically different, auto-logout and session lock serve effectively the same purpose, in my opinion. After a certain time period of inactivity, credentials must be re-entered in order to have access. The difference comes mainly down to the software and how it handles ...

Control-valves on the return line of the water-loop and then one can have either on-off-valve or control-valve on the load-points depending on the type/requirement of the user is a proper control strategy. But depending on the number of users the response of the control-valve ...